Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases and Treatment Options in a Bangladeshi Center

Introduction

• The incidence of congenital heart disease is 25 per thousand live births showed in a study conducted in Bangladesh.
• Echocardiography is the most sensitive, specific and cost effective means to diagnose congenital heart disease safely and correctly.
• Echocardiography laboratory can give a scenario of pattern of congenital heart diseases existing in Bangladesh as well as natural history of cases and treatment options offered.
• ECHO can be repeated as many times as required to see the progress, outcome and complications of treatment.

Objective

To see the pattern of congenital heart disease and available treatment facility in a cardiac center of Bangladesh.

Methods and materials

Methods

Patients were referred from almost every district and remote areas of Bangladesh and they represent whole country scenario

Patients in LABAID cardiac center

Patients were waiting before cardiac catheterization in Cath Lab

Results

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENT (n= 6914)

SEX DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENT (n= 6914)

Distribution of abnormal & normal patient (n= 6914)

A.  Acyanotic heart disease

B. Cyanotic Congenital Heart disease

CHD with associated syndromes

Types of intervention in study cases

Surgical treatment of study cases

Distribution of patient referred to cardiac surgeons

Outcome of VSD cases (n=1286)

Outcome of ASD & PFO (n=1066+265=1331)

Outcome of PDA (n=594)

Follow up of cases in 1st year

SUMMARY OF OBSERVATION

• • Most of the patient in this study were in >1 month to 1 year age group (36.62%)
  • Median age of severe CHD was 11 years
  • Male outnumbered female (55.73%)
  • CHD prevalence is high in female adults.
  • Disease pattern in study groups showed-
    • VSD is the commonest type of CHD (18.60%)
    • Followed by ASD (15.42%)
    • Then PDA (8.59%)

• Among the cyanotic heart disease TOF is the commonest of all.
• Among genetic & chromosomal defect Down syndrome was the commonest in our series (2.4%)

Patterns of management

Interventional technique (n=599/ 8.66%)

Commonest – PDA device closure (n=296/4.28%)

2nd highest – ASD device closure (2.89%)

Surgical procedure (n=548/ 7.93%)

Commonest – VSD closure

Then – ASD closure, TOF repair, BDG shunt, AV canal repair

Pattern of individual congenital heart disease in Bangladeshi children

VSD (1286 ,18.60%)

Spontaneous closure occurs in 23.33% cases by 3 year of age, Large PM & muscular VSD were not closed spontaneously and Common complications are –

Eisenmenger syndrome (3%)

Infundibular stenosis (3%)

AR(5%)

Small VSD with big shunt (1%)

ASD (1066 , 15.41%)

• Incidence of ASD is influenced by timing of ECHO as
  • Many ASD <5 mm closed spontaneously
  • Many child escaped early diagnosis due to lack of symptoms and physical sign
  • Moreover many patient with PFO are included in ASD which increases the incidence.
• ASD device closure success rate is high in children than adults.

PDA(594, 8.59%)

• Special features in Bangladeshi children are –
  • Most PDA are closed by 7 days (term & preterm)
  • Large tubular PDA is common in Down syndrome, Rubella syndrome
  • Tubular PDA had rapid Eisenmenger change
• These tubular PDAs are closed with device in Bangladesh in Armed Forces Center and LABAID cardiac center.

TOF ( 331,4.79%)

• Surgical correction has done mostly in neighboring countries.
• Developed pulmonary regurgitation in most cases following surgery
• Valve replacement, redo surgery & surgery with RV to PA conduit was performed in some study cases.
• Conduit change was required in 6 cases
• Pulmonary Valve replacement with Melody valve was done in 1 cases.

TGA(156,2.26%)

• TGA with ASD II0 & PDA is common than TGA with VSD in Bangladeshi Children.
• Taussig Bing Anomaly was seen in some cases of double outlet right ventricle which resembles TGA.
• Newborn with TGA do very well after septostomy.

Pulmonary Atresia(108,1.56%

• Frequency of PA is 108 (1.56%), most of them had associated VSD.
• PA with intact ventricular septum was less common
• Major Aorto-pulmonary collaterals (MAPCA) were a common association with VSD
• PDA was vertical and tortuous in most cases of PA with VSD cases and was difficult for stenting
• In PA with intact IVS, PDA was classical & stenting was successful in all of these cases
• BAS was done in few cases.

Single ventricle of LV type(49, 0 .71%)

• Those with restrictive pulmonary blood flow usually remain stable for long time
• Those with TGA or non restrictive pulmonary flow developed heart failure
• Double inlet left ventricle (0.44%) was common of these group in our study.

TA (62, 0.89%)

• Some cases are associated with
  • TGA
  • PS
  • PA
• All cases were planned for BDG shunt
• If increased pulmonary artery flow – PA banding was advised
• Two cases with restrictive VSD had stenting from VSD to pulmonary artery.

Common mistakes in ECHO in Bangladeshi centers

• COA
• Persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn
• Persistent fetal circulation
• Large VSD with reverse shunt
• Comments on ventriculo arterial relationship in complex cases
• Differentiation of truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia
• Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA)
• Coronary artery fistula
• Atretic condition of valves
• Aortico left ventricular tunnel (ALVT)
• Ruptured sinus of valsalva

Special points

DORV , VSD with PS

Round face,   round eye,  prominent forehead

Congenital rubella syndrome

New invention

• Protocol formulated by us for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in 2001 has success rate > 99%
• Large & huge tubular PDA is closed by device closure in Armed Forces Pediatric cardiac  center  since 2008.
• Perimembranous VSD was closed by ADO II device from retrograde approach is practiced in 100% cases of small VSD’s. This method was innovated by pediatric cardiac team of Armed Forces Pediatric Cardiac Center spontaneously while doing an adult female case in 2012.

Large & huge tubular PDA

Name: Ridoy

Age: 10 Months

Weight: 5.7 kg

Disease: Huge PDA

Device:  PDA device.14X12

Postoperative period: uneventful

PULMONARY VALVE IMPLANTATION

Age: 12 Yrs       Weight: 35 kg
Primary Diagnosis : TOF With Absent LPA (diagnosed at 06 Months of age )

• 1st operation ICR For TOF 27.7.2007
• 2nd operation Redo Surgery For PS and RPA Stenosis 25.07.2009
• Finally PPVI done with Melody on 25.12.2012

CONCLUSION

Our study was an Echocardiography based study .

Findings of this study proves that pattern of diseases are similar to other centers and standard of care is also increasing tremendously.

All kind of interventions are available in our country.